The exec builtin command
Synopsis
exec [-a NAME] [-cl] [COMMAND] [ARG...] [REDIRECTION...]
Description
The exec builtin command is used to
- replace the shell with a given program (executing it, not as new process)
- set redirections for the program to execute or for the current shell
If only redirections are given, the redirections affect the current shell without executing any program.
Options
| Option | Description |
|---|---|
-a NAME | Passes NAME as zeroth argument for the program to be executed |
-c | Execute the program with an empty (cleared) environment |
-l | Prepends a dash (-) to the zeroth argument of the program to be executed, similar to what the login program does |
Exit status
- on redirection errors it returns 1, otherwise 0
- on exec failures:
- a non-interactive shell terminates; if the shell option execfail is set
execreturns failure - in an interactive shell,
execreturns failure
Examples
Wrapper around a program
myprog=/bin/ls echo "This is the wrapper script, it will exec $myprog" # do some vodoo here, probably change the arguments etc. # well, stuff a wrapper is there for exec "$myprog" "$@"
Open a file as input for the script
# open it exec 3< input.txt # for example: read one line from the file(-descriptor) read -u 3 LINE # or read LINE <&3 # finally, close it exec 3<&-
Overall script logfile
To redirect the whole stdout and stderr of the shell or shellscript to a file, you can use the exec builtin command:
exec >/var/adm/my.log 2>&1 # script continues here...
Portability considerations
- POSIX® specifies error code ranges:
- if
execcan't find the program to execute, the error code shall be 126 - on a redirection error, the error code shall be between 1 and 125
- the
-a NAMEoption appeared in Bash 4.2-alpha - POSIX® does not specify any options for
exec(like-c,-l,-a NAME).
Discussion
I would add here Bash "diamond" operator for opening files for reading and writing:
Agreed, it should be crosslinked to the redirections section.
I never heard "diamond operator" - nice
I came to this page while trying to work out how to redirect the output of the current script to both a file and the console.
My first attempt was
exec 2>&1 | tee output.txt
But this didn't work, asking on irc I was told on irc (by pgas)this was because "exec is executed in a subshell" and "each side of a | run in forked subshells"
A suggestion given on irc (by pgas) was
exec > >(tee output.txt) 2>&1
This sort of worked but had the undesirable side affect that the final output of the script was written to the terminal after the script finished rather than the script waiting.
The final soloution I ended up with (also suggested by pgas)was to wrap the main body of my script in a function and redirect the output of the function.
main() {
}
main "$@" 2>&1 | tee output.txt