Terminal codes (ANSI/VT100) introduction

Terminal (control-)codes are needed to give specific commands to your terminal. This can be related to switching colors or positioning the cursor, simply everything that can't be done by the application itself.

A terminal control code is a special sequence of characters that is printed (like any other text). If the terminal understands the code, it won't display the character-sequence, but will perform some action. You can always print the codes with a simple echo command - for the application, it's nothing special.

Note: I see that codes referenced as "Bash colors" sometimes (several "Bash tutorials" etc…): That's a retarded and completely incorrect definition.

Because there's a large number of different terminal control languages, usually a system has an intermediate-layer to talk to it. The real codes are looked up in a database for the currently detected terminal type and you give standardized requests to an API or (from the shell) to a command.

One of these commands is tput - it accepts a set of acronymes and parameters for them, looks up the correct codes for the detected terminal in the terminfo database and prints the correct codes (the terminal hopefully understands).

In this list I'll focus to ANSI/VT100 control codes for the most needed actions - take it as quick reference. The documentation of your terminal or the terminfo database is always the preferred source when something is unclear! Also the tput acronymes are the ones dedicated for ANSI escapes, usually!

Also I only listed the most relevant codes, of course, any ANSI or especially your nice terminal knows much more! But let's reduce to common shell scripting

Sometimes I didn't find a matching ANSI escape or vice versa - you'll see a as code then - feel free to mail me or fix it!

The ANSI codes are always intoduced with an ESC character (ASCII 0x1B or octal 033) - this isn't part of the list, but you should avoid to use the ANSI codes directly - use the tput command!

All codes that can be used with tput can be found in terminfo(5). (on OpenBSD at least) See OpenBSD's terminfo(5) under the Capabilities section. The cap-name is the code to use with tput, a description of each code is also provided.

The Ctrl-Key representation is simply associating the non-printable characters from ASCII code 1 with the printable (letter) characters from ASCII code 65 ("A"). ASCII code 1 would be ^A (Ctrl-A), while ASCII code 7 (BEL) would be ^G (Ctrl-G). This is a common representation (and input method) and historically comes from one of the VT series of terminals.

Used capabilities: smcup, rmcup

For sure, you've already seen those programs that restore the terminal contents after they did their work (like vim). This can be done by the following codes:

# save, clear screen
tput smcup
clear

# example "application" follows...
read -n1 -p "Press any key to continue..."
# example "application" ends here

# restore
tput rmcup

Thanks to greycat for finding this and sharing it!

Some terminal emulators support many additional colors. The most common extension used by xterm-compatible terminals supports 256 colors. These can be generated by tput with seta{f,b} [0-255] when the TERM value has a -256color suffix. Konsole supports full 24-bit colors, and as of KDE 4.9 any X11 color code can be written directly into a special escape sequence. Other terminals may offer similar extensions. Few, if any programs are able to make use of anything beyond 256, and tput doesn't know about them. Colors beyond 16 usually only apply to modern terminal emulators running in graphical environments.

The VT implemented in the Linux kernel supports only 16 colors, and the usual default terminfo entry for TERM=linux defines only 8. There is sometimes an alternate "linux-16color" that you can switch to to get the other 8 colors.

printf '%b\n' 'It is \033[31mnot\033[39m intelligent to use \033[32mhardcoded ANSI\033[39m codes!'

Directly inside the echo:

echo "TPUT is a $(tput setaf 2)nice$(tput setaf 9) and $(tput setaf 5)user friendly$(tput setaf 9) terminal capability database."

With preset variables:

COL_NORM="$(tput setaf 9)"
COL_RED="$(tput setaf 1)"
COL_GREEN="$(tput setaf 2)"
echo "It's ${COL_RED}red${COL_NORM} and ${COL_GREEN}green${COL_NORM} - have you seen?"

HOME function

home() {
  # yes, actually not much shorter ;-)
  tput home
}

#!/bin/bash

DATA[0]="     _/  _/    _/                            _/    "
DATA[1]="  _/_/_/_/_/  _/_/_/      _/_/_/    _/_/_/  _/_/_/ "
DATA[2]="   _/  _/    _/    _/  _/    _/  _/_/      _/    _/"
DATA[3]="_/_/_/_/_/  _/    _/  _/    _/      _/_/  _/    _/ "
DATA[4]=" _/  _/    _/_/_/      _/_/_/  _/_/_/    _/    _/  "

# virtual coordinate system is X*Y ${#DATA} * 5

REAL_OFFSET_X=0
REAL_OFFSET_Y=0

draw_char() {
  V_COORD_X=$1
  V_COORD_Y=$2

  tput cup $((REAL_OFFSET_Y + V_COORD_Y)) $((REAL_OFFSET_X + V_COORD_X))

  printf %c ${DATA[V_COORD_Y]:V_COORD_X:1}
}


trap 'exit 1' INT TERM
trap 'tput setaf 9; tput cvvis; clear' EXIT

tput civis
clear

while :; do

for ((c=1; c <= 7; c++)); do
  tput setaf $c
  for ((x=0; x<${#DATA[0]}; x++)); do
    for ((y=0; y<=4; y++)); do
      draw_char $x $y
    done
  done
done

done

This is a slightly modified version of Charles Cooke's colorful Mandelbrot plot scripts ( original w/ screenshot) – ungolfed, optimized a bit, and without hard-coded terminal escapes. The colorBox function is memoized to collect tput output only when required and output a new escape only when a color change is needed. This limits the number of tput calls to at most 16, and reduces raw output by more than half. The doBash function uses integer arithmetic, but is still ksh93-compatible (run as e.g. bash ./mandelbrot to use it). The ksh93-only floating-point doKsh is almost 10x faster than doBash (thus the ksh shebang by default), but uses only features that don't make the Bash parser puke.

#!/usr/bin/env ksh

# Charles Cooke's 16-color Mandelbrot
# http://earth.gkhs.net/ccooke/shell.html
# Combined Bash/ksh93 flavors by Dan Douglas (ormaaj)

function doBash {
	typeset P Q X Y a b c i v x y 
	for ((P=10**8,Q=P/100,X=320*Q/cols,Y=210*Q/lines,y=-105*Q,v=-220*Q,x=v;y<105*Q;x=v,y+=Y)); do
		for ((;x<P;a=b=i=c=0,x+=X)); do
			for ((;a**2+b**2<4*P**2&&i++<99;a=((c=a)**2-b**2)/P+x,b=2*c*b/P+y)); do :
			done
			colorBox $((i<99?i%16:0))
		done
		echo
	done
}

function doKsh {
	integer i
	float a b c x=2.2 y=-1.05 X=3.2/cols Y=2.1/lines 
	while
		for ((a=b=i=0;(c=a)**2+b**2<=2&&i++<99&&(a=a**2-b**2+x,b=2*c*b+y);)); do :
		done
		. colorBox $((i<99?i%16:0))
		if ((x<1?!(x+=X):(y+=Y,x=-2.2))); then
			print
			((y<1.05)) 
		fi
		do :
	done
}

function colorBox {
	(($1==lastclr)) || printf %s "${colrs[lastclr=$1]:=$(tput setaf "$1")}"
	printf '\u2588'
}

unset -v lastclr
((cols=$(tput cols)-1, lines=$(tput lines)))
typeset -a colrs
trap 'tput sgr0; echo' EXIT
${KSH_VERSION+. doKsh} ${BASH_VERSION+doBash}

A much more sophisticated version by Roland Mainz can be found here